In today’s volatile global scenario, staying updated with International Relations (IR) is more important than ever—especially for UPSC, CUET, and other competitive exam aspirants preparing for 2025. The nature of global politics is rapidly evolving, and examiners expect candidates to understand key trends, global partnerships, and policy debates shaping international affairs.
Table of Contents
Below, we’ve curated the most relevant IR topics that are likely to be important in your 2025 preparation.
1. Shifting Global Power Structures & Multipolarity
The unipolar world dominated by a few superpowers is transforming into a multipolar one.
Why this matters:
- India, China, and Brazil are emerging as influential global players
- Old alliances (like NATO) are adapting while new regional partnerships rise
- Regional groupings (BRICS, QUAD, SCO) impact global diplomacy
UPSC Mains Tip: Relate this to GS Paper 2—questions on global governance, Indian foreign policy, or groupings affecting India’s interests.
2. Global Security & Hybrid Threats
Security today is not just about armies and weapons—digital threats and ideological warfare are on the rise.
Key topics to focus:
- Cybersecurity: Role of cyber diplomacy, state-sponsored cyber attacks
- Hybrid Warfare: Blending propaganda, cyberattacks, and military action
- Terrorism: Regional conflicts and international counter-terror frameworks
Case Study: Russia-Ukraine war and its cyber component.
3. Climate Change & Environmental Diplomacy
Climate change is a global crisis with geopolitical consequences.
Important themes:
- Transboundary water disputes (e.g., Indus, Mekong)
- Evolution of climate treaties: Paris Agreement, COP summits
- India’s leadership in renewable energy (ISA, LiFE movement)
In CUET: Expect MCQs or comprehension-based questions on treaties or India’s role in global environmental cooperation.
4. Economic Diplomacy & Trade Conflicts
Geoeconomics is now central to foreign policy—countries are using economic tools for diplomatic leverage.
Must-know points:
- Trade wars (e.g., US-China, India-UK FTA)
- Sanctions as diplomatic tools (e.g., on Russia or Iran)
- India’s position in global supply chains & exports push
For UPSC Essay: Blend economic and geopolitical analysis in IR topics.
5. Technology, Innovation & Cyber Diplomacy
Tech is not just a sector—it’s the new battleground of diplomacy.
Trending IR topics:
- Digital sovereignty vs global internet freedom
- AI & Robotics in warfare and decision-making
- India’s Digital Public Infrastructure as soft power
Prep Tip: Relate developments to India’s Digital Diplomacy efforts.
6. Human Rights, Ethics & Global Governance
The debate around sovereignty vs universal values continues to shape global institutions.
Key areas:
- Role of the UN, ICC, and WHO
- Human rights violations vs national security
- India’s voting record at UN on humanitarian issues
Ethics in GS Paper 4: Use real-world IR examples to enrich your answers.
Final Words
To crack UPSC or CUET 2025, staying informed about these International Relations topics is essential. These areas reflect the evolving world order and India’s dynamic role in it. Regularly reading international newspapers, reports, and government whitepapers will give you an edge in both Prelims and Mains.